en
Authors: Wa’el M. Arabeyat
Keywords:
Financial Management, Orphans, Jordan.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This research highlights the financial management in the institution of development the orphan's money; it's also clarify the method of investment, and the point of strength and weakness in this institution, the research on the other hand try to link between the theory and application, and simplify the difficulties that the institution faces on the Islamic investment way. In addition to that the research suggests new types to develop the work of this institution.
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Authors: Abdul Rahman Jum’a
Keywords:
Jordanian Civil Law, Expressing the Will
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Taking into in to consideration that silent is not a valid expression for acceptance in sonic cases.
en
Authors: Bayan M. Hammoudeh , Sadiq K. Alhayek
Keywords:
A Motor Skill Program, Basic Motor Skills, Children from (5-6) Years.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study aimed at identifying the effects of a motor skill program on improving basic skills for children from (5-6). It used an Experimental design by using an experimental and control groups. A motor skill program was established after reviewing specialized studies and consulting with scientific experts. The sample of study was thirty children. The researcher has used in her statistical treatment Person's Coefficient, means, standard deviations, percentages, and T test. The results of the study have shown that there are significant differences between the two groups in all variables in favor of the Experimental group. It recommended that using this suggested program for this age of all schools in Jordan.
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Authors: Aref E. Hassouneh
Keywords:
Assiduity, Tradition, Doctrinal Assiduity.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
A legal counsel has been given by a body of fit scientists in the preceding era of tradition to prohibit the assiduity for those who are capable of it, and to obstruct the topic, and this is what augmented in its devoting at the emphasis at the conditions of assiduity after the fourth hegira century; until this statement of obstructing the topic of assiduity led to a lot of damages, of which the least of importance are: lagging behind from it, interruption of the natural abilities and the knacks that are capable of it, after the inclusion of the imperfection upon the body of Islamic law (Shari'a) by then hampering the pillar of assiduity in which the knowledge of the new development governance is to be found, and upon its brain trust the path would be available for the endurance of its perfection and validity for every period of time and place.
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Authors: Aref E. Hassouneh
Keywords:
Assiduity, Tradition, Doctrinal Assiduity.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
A legal counsel has been given by a body of fit scientists in the preceding era of tradition to prohibit the assiduity for those who are capable of it, and to obstruct the topic, and this is what augmented in its devoting at the emphasis at the conditions of assiduity after the fourth hegira century; until this statement of obstructing the topic of assiduity led to a lot of damages, of which the least of importance are: lagging behind from it, interruption of the natural abilities and the knacks that are capable of it, after the inclusion of the imperfection upon the body of Islamic law (Shari'a) by then hampering the pillar of assiduity in which the knowledge of the new development governance is to be found, and upon its brain trust the path would be available for the endurance of its perfection and validity for every period of time and place.
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Authors: Jamal A. Al-Kilani
Keywords:
Wife, Salary, Woman's work, Family stability, husband.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This paper, “Family Stability and the Wife’s Right to Her Salary”, addresses dignifying women in the Shari’ah Law. The paper addresses the fundamental ruling that the husband is obligated to support his wife except in cases of complete or partial disobedience. If she works with the husband’s permission, she continues to be entitled to his financial support. The research also demonstrates the woman’s right to manage her own possessions. She has an independent financial position equal to that of the male which entitles her to manage her own finances independent of a male trustee whether it be her father, brother, or husband. Her possession is not allowed to anybody unless she willingly gives it out. To otherwise control a woman’s fortune is an act of aggression and is prohibited in the Shari’ah Law. Yet, a working wife may have financial responsibilities like supporting her family when the husband explicitly or implicitly requests; or supporting her needy parents together with her brothers.<strong>
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Authors: Radwan Obeidat
Keywords:
Tribunal, Dispute, Judges.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Formation of the arbitration tribunal and choosing its judges is considered one of the most important stages in the arbitration process as we can not envisage a public or private court without judges to determine the issue under dispute. And whereas arbitration is a special judicial system, in which the parties seeking arbitration choose their judges under a special written agreement therefore, the freedom of the parties to choose their judges is considered one of the most advantages of arbitration.
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Authors: Mohammad H. Salo’us
Keywords:
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This research aims at reviewing the opinions of the academic faculty and administration staff at Yarmuk University and Irbid National University regarding the publications of the Jordanian daily press published in Arabic.
The study revealed that (46.2%) of the respondents read (Al-Rai) daily newspaper as their favorite journal, while (33.7%) prefer reading (Al-Dustur) newspaper, and (20%) prefer (Al-Arab Alyoum ) daily newspaper.
The findings of the study also show that (42.5%) of the respondents of both categories read their favorite newspaper every day. This means that the study sample may read other newspapers in addition to the Jordanian newspapers, to obtain news and information.
The study showed that the income variable wouldn’t affect the readership of the newspaper in general.
The findings revealed that the credibility of the newspaper and its review of recent political books of major importance are factors to attract the attention of the readers, followed by the Palestinian question, the important current affairs in the Middle East and the commercial ads. However, the essays and the analysis of the newspaper come in a priority of the respondents’ concern.
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Authors: Moneer T. Shatnawi
Keywords:
Explosive sounds, affricative sounds, phonetics contexts, vowel, semivowel.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study tries to explore the nature of the phonetical stages for the voiceless stops: the stage of closure, the stage of pressure (obstruction) and the stage of explosion through their formation, connection together and completion from both the pronunciation side and the auditory one. Also, it explores the effects on some neighboring linguistic sounds in different contexts. The researcher adopted a method based on tracing the steps of the voiceless stop pronunciation in the context of linkage, as when a stop is followed by a consonant (whether or not it is of the same kind) or with diactrical mark or semi-diacritical one and finally on the context of the stoppage on the voiceless stop. In addition, the researcher shows the forms of pronouncing this stop in these contexts and their effect on the coming sounds.
The researcher concludes that pronunciation of the voiceless stops in the Arabic language differs according to their contextual debate so far as their formation, stage-completion and connections are concerned. In addition, the researcher concludes that these stages have an impact on the following linguistic sounds in their sonic contexts.
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Authors: Sudqi A. Al-Momani
Keywords:
Urban Planning; Urban Transportation Planning; Urban and Regional Planning; Movement and Transportation Planning.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study presents a quantitative planning model and an analytical approach to recognize the spatial variations of the public transportation services' delivery system in the city of Irbid. It is based on the relationship between the socio-economic and demographic issues on the one hand, and the size of demand and supply of the transportation services on the other hand. The analysis indicates that the transportation services have been miss-allocated among the neighborhoods in the city of Irbid. Also, the results reveal that by the application of multiple regression model and testing hypotheses, it was possible to recognize the important factors that influence the current status of public transportation services' delivery system in the city of Irbid.
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Authors: Basem Al-Saraireh , Khaldoun Abul-Haija
Keywords:
Reading Strategies, First Language (L1), Second Language (L2).
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study aimed at examining the extent to which Jordanian college-level students Practice the reading strategies in reading Arabic (L1) and English (L2). The sample of the study consisted of (918) Yarmouk University students enrolled in the two courses of (Arabic 100 and English 100A) for the second semester of the academic year 2004/2005. To achieve the purpose of the study, the Reading Strategies Questionnaire (RSQ) was adopted by the researchers. The students’ responses to the (RSQ) were analyzed to examine the extent to which they use the reading strategies, and an independent t-test was conducted to test whether there were any significant differences between their use of the strategies in reading Arabic and in reading English. The results of the study revealed that there were disparities in the students’ use of the reading strategies, and that there were statistically significant differences in favor of using the whole-, pre-, and while-reading strategies in reading English, and in favor of using the post-reading strategies in reading Arabic.
Finally, implications and recommendations for educators, instructors and researchers were suggested.
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Authors: Quathafi Al-Ghananeem
Keywords:
Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Usul al-Fiqh, Sources of Islamic Legislation, The principle of: "Aql Ma Qil".
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This research tackles three debatable issues that relate to Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Usul al-Fiqh. Section one deals with the Usuli and linguistic indication for the principle: "Aql Ma Qil", which means literally the less of what is said. Section two treats the legitimacy of this principle, by assessing the points of agreement and disagreement, and concluding the reasons of the debatable vision of the scholars concerning adopting and applying it. The researcher studies the evidence of each group of the scholars and deriving the selected opinion. Section three concerns the condition of applying this principle according to the party that adopts it. Finally, the conclusion of the paper presents the outcome.
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Authors: Radhwan I. Obaidat , George H. Hazboun
Keywords:
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
The new Jordanian Arbitration Law no. (31) of 2001 has granted the arbitral award complete immunity against all ordinary and extraordinary challenges and imparted the proof of the res judicata matter. The arbitral award was characterized by its immunity and proof, in contrast with the official judiciary judgment, which the legislator has placed within the goal of the ordinary and extraordinary challenges provided in the Civil Procedure Law.
However, the legislator- as an exception of the rule- has permitted both parties of the dispute to request the competent court (Court of Appeal) to invalidate the arbitral award, if blemished by any defect represented, exclusively, by any of the specified cases stated in article 49 of the Jordanian Arbitration Law.
The Court of Appeal has become the one with general jurisdiction to consider the invalidity lawsuit, in addition to all matters which the law has relegated to the competent court and excluded from the competence of the arbitral tribunal; such as those provided in Articles (8,16,18,19,20,23,37,41,49,51,53,54).
The arbitral tribunal has been granted a period of 6 months to issue its award in respect to the dispute brought before it, or during the period agreed upon between the parties. Such period is considered short if compared with the judicial judgments. Such short period is considered one of the arbitration advantages that encourage the parties to present their dispute to the arbitral tribunal, for issuing the respective award.
The invalidity lawsuit necessitates the passing of the appeal decision, which provides final settlement to the dispute, if it supports the arbitral tribunal award, or to challenge it through the Court of Cassation if issued in contrary to the award issued by the arbitral tribunal.
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Authors: Mohammad Abu Lail
Keywords:
Apostasy, Punishment, Islamic Jurisprudence
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This research deals with the topic of Apostasy in Islam. Apostasy threatens the spiritual existence of the Islamic Nation (Ummah’); it leads/guides the social basis subjecting it to breakdown/collapse. Consequently, the punishment of apostasy (in the form of capital punishment) cannot be considered a form of compulsion in religion; rather, it is a punishment dictated for the sake of combating or resisting a crime that penetrates/disseminates poison, division and uncertainty within and through the social fabric of society and the foundation on which it is based, which is religion (Deen). I have made an attempt through this research to remedy some of the rulings dealing with apostasy through the process of defining apostasy, its rulings and the conditions that must be met in an apostate so that Shariah law maybe applied. I have also presented and demonstrated various scholarly opinions emanating from the various schools of thought (Mathahib) with regards to the punishment of apostasy. I have come to the conclusion that punishment must be applied within the scope of Islamic jurisprudence in society taking into account all fronts and social activity. Finally, I have approached some rulings dealing with apostasy, such as the ruling with regards to a female apostate. I have also considered the punishment of apostasy as a form of consolidation or reinforcement to faith, and the opinion of scholars to that regard.
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Authors: Yasir A. Shamali
Keywords:
The Linguistic Context, Al-Hadith
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
The study tackled the importance of placing a considerable care for the linguistic context, so that we can have an accurate and sound understanding to the prophetic narration. The study shows that the context is a general conception which could mean many things such as knowing what comes after and before the text and the linguistic style of the text on the words structuring and organizing level where the position of words and the manner of expression is considered. The prophetic scriptures came through one of the most articulated men in the Arabian Peninsula, and here the significance of the linguistic competence and the linguistic appreciation in texts comprehension takes place. It is worth mentioning that the scholar demonstrates the efforts of the Imam Gargani in pointing out and shedding light over this part of the study; moreover, the scholar mentioned an applicable example of a prophetic narration (Hadeeth) that whoever wants to demonstrate what has come in, he will need the knowledge of the linguistic context of that (Hadeeth) by comparing it with equivalent narrations in the prophetic traditions, but without losing the sight of taking care of misunderstanding the texts due to ignoring the linguistic context.
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Authors: Tamam Al-Assaf
Keywords:
Arbitration, Mandatory Character, Arbitrator
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
The arbitration contract is held in conformity with the principles of Sharia and does not contradict the concept of contract, and it embodies the mutual welfare of the contract parties. There has been controversy among scholars concerning its obligatory attitudes towards the parties as they vary in determining when one of the contracted parties can review arbitration based on the differences in adapting the arbitration contract, that the jurisprudence scholars have cited, sometimes dropping judicial judgments on it to withdraw the arbitration contract. Therefore, some modern opinions have emerged as separate contract from the others, with no need to reassign any of the mentioned contracts. What suits the principles of modern era and requirements and respect for the prestige and arbitration procedures so as not to go that precede the issuance of the arbitration decision from the collection of data, investigations and special judgment consideration and refinement, where it is appropriate to decide whether the arbitration takes contract the mandatory character since its establishment: neither the aprties can, unless any of the parties has agreed to terminate after banishing.
Flexibility of the Islamic jurisprudence has great scope for making new contracts in accordance with established controls at Al Sharia that achieve the interests of people God has issued when making the legislations. If the ordinances had stipulated the need for contract arbitration once held, the law of Islam would have been free to emphasize the necessary in this particular contract arbitration and that this originally agreed with the view of Islam to respect contracts and the emphasis on credibility.
ar
Authors: ???? ??? ?????? ???
Keywords:
Manager at a company
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study addresses the company’s management job assumed by a partner to conduct the business on behalf of the partners for a salary or an increase of dividends; and the agreement of that with the company’s objectives and articles of association and the contractors’ duties.
After analyzing the scholars’ opinions and evidences, the researcher gives preference to the opinion of those who allow that supported by the interest evidence in agreement with Legal Personality Principle .
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Authors: fahed kasasbeh
Keywords:
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study aimed to look at the proposed legislative solutions to the adoption of alternative sanctions in the Jordanian penal system
In the scope of the global legal orientations, most modern penal legislation were directed to adopt a modern punitive policy based on finding new ways and different alternatives to short term deprivation of liberty penalties. These legislation were differed concerning the adoption of these sanctions based on multiple considerations regarding the nature of the crime committed, some concerning the duration of the freedom deprivation penalty which can be replaced, as well as the personal circumstances of the offender. In relation to Jordan, short term freedom deprivation penalties are still forming the majority of the sentences issued by the courts despite its negative effects and the different doubts that arose about its usefulness and effectiveness. The search for alternatives is still did not receive enough attention by the criminal justice and the competent legislative authorities which lead to a necessity to build a national strategy for the adoption of such alternatives, especially that different legislation have adopted it in their penal systems, and other countries have applied it for a long time and proved its effectiveness and usefulness in the reform and the social rehabilitation of convicts
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Authors: nayef abdeljalil elhamaideh
Keywords:
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study deals with the freedom of expression and free press as stated in national constitutions and international conventions. Its exposes the criminal punishments and the violations of such freedoms in Jordan. In addition to the practical equilibrium between those freedom and the right to reputation in the light of the Jordanian legislation and international instruments.
Key words: Criminal punishments, freedom of expression and free press, right of reputation, international conventions, regional conventions, violations, freedom of expressions.
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Authors: ???? ??? ???
Keywords:
Foreign trade, international Economy, Islamic Economy, Foreign trade in Islam, Heckscher–Ohlin theory
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
The study shows the distinction of foreign trade in Islamic economy because it depends on general rules, Sharia' regulations, and highly-respected values and ethics.
The research also shows that, when examining Heckscher–Ohlin theory, it reveals some severe deficiencies, and has limited benefits when it is put into practice as it lacks logical reasoning. It's also based on hypotheses that can't stand reality. The theory is valid in the light of its accurate interpretations for the reasons of conducting and setting up foreign trade; nevertheless, it has some criticisms and observations regarding its practicality. it doesn't mean to disregard it. It has explained an important part of the flow of goods among nations. In addition, the theory can be useful in case it is amended to expand the model to more than two production functions and two international goods According to Islamic economic thought, we notice the following on the theory. It stresses exchange between developed and developing countries, but it doesn't give interpretations to international exchanges between countries which differ in production functions and have different tastes. And this contradicts with Islam comprehensiveness. The theory also implies that the developing countries continue to exploit their plentiful natural resources due to the production of goods, which depend on the availability of natural resources, and then exchanging them with countries that produce goods requiring gained skills. This excessive exploitation of these natural resources ignores the coming generations' interests.
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Authors: Mohamed Mohamed AL-SHALASH
Keywords:
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
who should pray on dead people and who shouldn't
Thanks God and Peace be upon Prophet Mohammad and his followers.
Prayer on dead people, is a worship done by Muslims which is only singled by Islam religion. The reason why the prayer is obligatory prayed on dead Muslims, because it was legislated as an elimination of the dead right, achieving benefits, forgiveness of sins and intercession. He will be benefited from the Muslim prayers who pray for forgiveness and ask Mercy for him. In order to achieve benefit and reward from this prayer, Muslims should know for whom prayer is true or not, and this is the first and main objective of this study. The researcher divided his study into three sessions. the first; the rule of the funeral prayer and its virtues. The second; the prayer conditions and how it is done. The third which is considered the backbones of this research is who should pray on dead people and who shouldn't. The researcher ends his research with a conclusion that summarizes the findings and recommendations
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Authors: mohammed jameel nsour
Keywords:
اTrafficking, human Beings, crime,
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Abstract
The importance of this research is dealing with the issue of trafficking in human beings, as one of the most important transnational crimes, which occupies the third place after drug and arms trafficking in the world, which is a new form of slavery known to humanity.
It was on the basis of the crimes of trafficking in human beings constitute a clear violation of human dignity and rights and freedom's assassination, the international community, as represented by the United Nations body great efforts to confront this phenomenon and to reduce the negative effects, efforts have resulted in the eventual adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children , supplementing the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Palermo Protocol).
It also resulted in European efforts in this subject to approve the Convention of the Council of Europe to work on the Fight against Trafficking in Human Beings , this agreement is of particular importance and unique because included contain the positive points, importantly to Achieve balance, between the criminal View, and human beings for the victims of human trafficking .
All this in order to access to the fact that: the crimes of trafficking in human beings has started to take an important place, on the level of international law, and national legislation.
the estimated figures and statistics in this regard are more than expected, which means that there is a real problem calls for concerted international efforts and, Cooperation to combat this phenomenon, and to enact the necessary legislation to fight all forms of crimes of trafficking in persons, and legal reforms commensurate with contemporary events.
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Authors: souhad ahmad kanbar
Keywords:
quranic sciences;defending quran; refute allegations
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Our scholars in the early centuries wrote in defending quran and they put every possible effort to refute allegations about it and we can see this effort spread in their books these efforts need to be collected and rewritten in methodical consistent organized way to make it easy for contemporary scholars who work in refute claims and allegations about quran to benefit from it. and maybe this will lead them to put rules and principles for refuting claims about quran.
from this point of view this study came to put a methodological framework for defense of the holy quran by define the term(Al-intisar to the quran) and its legitimacy in the islam, importance and history, then the study suggests ways to put rules for (al-intisar).
also this study aims to examine the connection between the science of rational theological discourse(Ilm-Alkalam) and(Al-intisar for the holy quran)
because both of them are a defensive sciences and thir objective is protecting and solidarity the islamic nation and the Islamic rligion.
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Authors: ??????? ????? ???? , ????? ????????
Keywords:
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study addressed a saentifie issue on which there were many points of view by scholars and critics of Al-Hadith, it was:
That Al-IMAM Al-Hmeidi distinguished the additions that he added, from the produced or the margins, on Al-Sahihein or either of them, and not distinguishing that, so this study was carried out to investigate this issue.
The study came up with the result that Al-IMAM Al-Hmeidi had distinguished those additions from the origin or the content of Al-Sahihein or either of them, except two additions that he had forgather to distinguish, in this he employed numerous method and distinguished scientific approach.
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Authors: ???? ??????? ????????
Keywords:
Unjustified punishmenttheoryand
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Adopted legislator Jordanian theory punishment unjustified invented by the French judiciary in order to shut the door of the stall at the speed of completion of the verdicts through the text of Article 282 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which requires the necessity of correct conviction by the Court of Cassation does not undone Manvea so the example of many of comparative legislation that approved provisions similar is that the legislator Jordanian expansion in the realization of this theory to include cases should the veto power may reverse the situation to do some kind of conflict between the texts attributed contrast the role of the court to distinguish between veto power in cases specified in Article 274 and corrected in other cases rulings through the text of Article 282 has helped to get this result disorder plan legislator in terms of the extent of the authority of the Supreme Court over the ruling tinged defect violation of the law and the expansion of the scope sometimes and narrow it other times in the text of articles 274/ 280 / 2.282 . Moreover omission of the legislator for the role carried out by the Court of Cassation from their counterparts in the countries where the transfer by the legislature this text , particularly Egypt has concluded Find the need to limit the application of this article on the case of error only material has been completed to this conclusion after reviewing the position of some of the legislation , districts comparison that I took this theory and those that did not have any consideration .
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Authors: ???? ???? ???????? , ???? ???? ????
Keywords:
Trustworthiness؛
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
درجة موثوقية تفسير القرآن الكريم المقدم في برامج القنوات الفضائية الدينية من وجهة نظر طلبة كلية الشريعة في الجامعة الاردنية
د. جهاد النصيرات د. أيمن خاطر
الملخص
هدفت هذه الدرسة إلى تعرف درجة موثوقية تفسير القرآن الكريم المقدم في برامج القنوات الفضائية الدينية من وجهة نظر طلبة كلية الشريعة في الجامعة الاردنية، تكونت عينة الدراسة من (329) طالبا وطالبة من طلبة كلية الشريعة في الجامعة الاردنية للعام الدراسي 2013/2014 ، وتم اختيارهم بطريقة عشوائية، استخدمت الدراسة الاستبانة لجمع البيانات بعد التحقق من صدقها وثباتها حسب الاصول العلمية لذلك، وبعد تحليل البيانات أظهرت الدراسة النتائج الآتية:
• أن درجة موثوقية تفسير القرآن الكريم المقدم في برامج القنوات الفضائية الدينية من وجهة نظر طلبة كلية الشريعة في الجامعة الاردنية للدرجة الكلية، ومجالي: المادة العلمية والمفسر كانت مرتفعة، في حين جاء مجال القناة بدرجة موثوقية متوسطة.
• وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (0.05 ≥ α) لموثوقية تفسير القرآن الكريم المقدم في برامج القنوات الفضائية الدينية من وجهة نظر طلبة كلية الشريعة في الجامعة الاردنية، تبعا لمتغير الجنس، في الدرجة الكلية، ومجال " المادة العلمية " لصالح الاناث.
• عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (0.05 ≥ α) لموثوقية تفسير القرآن الكريم المقدم في برامج القنوات الفضائية الدينية من وجهة نظر طلبة كلية الشريعة في الجامعة الاردنية في الدرجة الكلية ومجالي المادة العلمية، والقناة، تبعا لمتغير المستوى الدراسي، في حين ظهرت فروق في مجال "الشخص القائم بالتفسير(المفسر)" لصالح فئة (دكتوراه).
وتمخضت الدراسة عن جملة من التوصيات من أبرزها:
1- ضرورة أن تحافظ القنوات الفضائية المقدمة لبرامج تفسير القرآن الكريم على مستوى عال من هذه البرامج بما يحقق درجة موثوقية عالية لدى المتابعين لتك البرامج وخاصة في مجالي: المادة العلمية للتفسير، وشخصية المفسر من خلال اعتماد المفسرين الذين عندهم المقدرة العلمية والاسلوبية.
2- ضروة أن يتنبه القائمون على القنوات الفضائية المقدمة لبرامج تفسير القرآن الكريم الالتزام بالموضوعية في تقديم هذه البرامج وتحييد الاتجاهات العقدية والمذهبية والسياسية والاجندات الفكرية لهم عن تلك البرامج كي تكتسب تلك القنوات درجة موثوقية عالية من المتابعين لها
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Authors: Mourad Bensaid
Keywords:
Legal Production, Welfare State, Hybrid Networks, Dual Constitution, Double Attribution.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to provide perceptions of legal production phenomenon after the welfare state. I want to demonstrate the transformations of legal production from state centered to society centered theories in order to understand the legal configurations resulting from these conditions, and which define the characteristics of "Non State Law", and to construct the general frame of legal production in the actual structure of governance of society. The article tends to analyze the transformation of the frame to analyzing legal production from the hierarchical to center/periphery frame, and analyze the legal configurations resulting from this frame.
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Authors: ???? ??? ?????? ????????
Keywords:
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study examined the subject of purity of vaginal secretions that affect most women. Most scholars are of the opinion that it is totally pure; this is the position of the Hanafies, Shafies, Hanbalies and partially the Maalikis. While the Sahiban of Abu-Hanifa, the most approved position of Malikies, a group of the Shafies, as well as a minority opinion of the Hanbalis believe that the vaginal secretions are totally impure. Late Shafies distinguished between the vaginal secretions that flow from the womb, considering them as impure, and those flowing from other parts than the womb, saying they are pure.
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Authors: Ibrahim Qatawneh
Keywords:
Use, Police, Dogs, Inference, Penal Evidence.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Police dogs are being used by members of the judicial police (judicial police- law enforcement officers), in the work of inference to detect diverse aspects such as crimes, identifying perpetrators, detecting explosives, drugs or weapons, ammunition, equipment and tools used in committed crimes. In addition, any other important duties in uncovering the truth and serving justice are to maintain security and public law.
The use of police dogs is legitimate unless the victim is forced to confess. If this procedure is used to torture or insult him, the case then loses its legitimacy. There are rules and regulations and scientific processes that should be available in police dogs for the purposes of using them in the work of inference, i.e. they should be trained and non-stressful or sick in the case of the ferocity.
The identification of the police dogs to the accused person, weapons, tools, or seizures is consort. This is not enough to condemn the victim, other alternative evidence must be provided. On one hand, the confession of the defendant is voluntary and with choice after the accurate identification of the police dog. On the other hand, the confession of the victim shall be valid, when the defendant confesses attack from the police dog.
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Authors: Sulayman Al-Dqoor
Keywords:
Thematic Exegesis, Concept, Approach.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between the concept of Thematic Exegesis and indication and sorts suggested by scholars: The paper presents a clear concept of Thematic Exegesis which formulates a methodological view determines its sorts about which scholars have differed. The paper will paper will achieve the following aims:
1- To review the scholars' efforts in serving the Qur'an, particularly those directed to highlight the value of thematic exegesis.
2- To suggest a new opinion that determines the sorts of thematic exegesis which comply with the reality of Qur'an and the specific concept of thematic exegesis.
3- To control the methods and procedures of thematic exegesis.
4- To highlight the mutual material between these sorts and what distinguishes each of them.
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Authors: Ismeal M. Albreshi
Keywords:
Peaceful Demonstrations, Legality, Innovation
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Peaceful Demonstrations are one of the types of mass protests, but the most famous of those protests, and most able to access these protests to the purpose desired. Through this study, the research tried to spot light on the rule of popular demonstrations over the statement of the concept and the relationship between them and the wordy relevant, and to illustrate demonstrations through mentioning the speeches of who allowed it and their evidence, and then the speeches of who prevented the demonstrations and their evidence and reached further into the Study of the discussion and weighting.
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Authors: Fadi Al-Juboor
Keywords:
Media, Satellite Channels, Payment, Taxis.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Abounded media and satellite channels that do not hide their impact and their ability to form opinions and transfer cultures. So, there are varieties of religious and non-religious, satellites and channels. This study came up to show the extent of positive legitimacy interaction with non-religious, satellite channels, and the rule of the emergence of scientists where to advocate and educate and if it is permissible to be paid on these programs.
This study concluded that these scientists and preachers are permitted to appear and talk on these channels and afford money not for the legal opinion( fatwa) or science but for the effort that the world exert for that matter.
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Authors: Jehad M. Alnserat
Keywords:
Exception, Negation, Al-Qasr.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study examines an important rhetorical way (AlQasr) through some tools: "But" and "Exception after Negation" through Ayah about Life on Earth and pleasures, in order to stand on illustrative purposes of diversity style of (AlQasr) according to denote context and the diversity of positions concerning the Ayah in order to detect an important tributary of Ijaz relating the illustrative Ijaz
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Authors: Abbas Al-Baz
Keywords:
Oocyte and Sperm, Freezing, jurisprudence
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Freezing sperms and eggs is one of the contemporary jurisprudential Issues. Therefore knowing its rules in Islamic jurisprudence requires searching for similar cases in the resources of Islamic Jurisprudence and practicing analogy where, in original case, used as a criterion for the new one.
This paper is an endeavor to find out the jurisprudential stand of the cases where human sperms and eggs are frozen, and to which level this is compatible with Islamic shari’ah and its rules, particularly if fertilization is used for the husband and his wife (legal marriage), and if the aim of this process is to help the husband and the wife to give birth at the time they wish to, or at the time of elevating the preventive reason which was at the time of freezing.
This paper concluded that the ruling of freezing the sperms and eggs is based on the reason which lead to that process; as there are reasons for which the freezing becomes lawful and there are ones for which the freezing becomes forbidden. This maxim in addition to some particular boundaries and conditions would rule the issue of freezing.
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Authors: Almothana Abedalfattah Mahmoud
Keywords:
The Volunteer Action, The Holy Quran, Qur’anic Indigenization.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Praise be to Allah and enough, peace and blessings be upon His chosen slaves as yet, the volunteer action is a necessity of the era in which we live, Therefore, the aim of the research was to clarify the volunteer action as a fact mentioned directly and implicitly in the Holy Quran, and the impact on revolutionizing the efforts and aspirations of contemporary society towards volunteering as a Qur’anic, Islamic target in particuler, and a humanitarian objective in general.
This research is a Qur’anic inductive study consolidating to the concept of volunteering and its fields and conditions, In addition to Qur’anic Indigenization of the voluntary associations in fields of care for orphans and social reform, It is worth mentioning that the Researcher was keen to have his research limited to the Qur’anic lessons, in order to stenography the look of the Quran volunteerism as one of the pillars of the Muslim community, which take the Quran as its constitution in various areas of life, including Muslim’s voluntary life.
The research came with an introduction, three sections and a conclusion. it’s a Qur’anic scientific research, aims to contribute to the clarification of volunteerism and Utilizing it in a way allows today Muslims to embark on the doors of goodness consciously within Quranic vision, thus increase the rate of cultural awareness about this action, as the Qur’anic authenticity it characterize with, and the fact its originally authentic, not derived from other cultures except in limits of benefits which are permitted by religion
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Authors: Abd’Al Ra’ouf Ahmad Bani Issa
Keywords:
Cognitive development, Al-Mawardi, Islamic Education
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the concept, principles, factors and methods of cognitive development according to the Immam Al-Mawardi, using both analytical and inductive method. This study was divided into four sections and ending. The researcher concluded that the Immam fully explained the principles, factors and methods affecting the cognitive development in humans. And his findings agree with the findings of modern psychologists though using different terms and concepts of what is customary in modern theories.
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Authors: Emad Shrifeen
Keywords:
Rights, Pre-School Children, Personal.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
The research aims to statement of human pre-school children and detect its impact on building his character from the perspective of Islamic Education, to achieve the objectives of the research approaches were used descriptive and deductive analytical basis in addressing the issue of the study.
And which concluded that Islam admitted to pre-school children a set of rights, notably the right of breastfeeding, and the right to play and the right of alimony and learn social etiquette.
All of these rights contribute to the construction of the integrated child's personality aspects of the physical, mental, psychological and moral, social and religious.
The study recommended the holding of seminars and lectures that contribute to the definition of the Rights of the Child and its impact on building his character.
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Authors: Ra’ed N. Abu Mo’nes
Keywords:
Alestehsan, Opinion, Flow
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
The difference in the employment of the term Alestehsan, and the extent to which properties should be available in what is a source in the legislation of Alestehsan; one of the most important disputes between fundamentalists about plaudits methodology, as well as the formation of mental focus as President of the essence of acclaim.
This research aims to the statement of facts of these problems, and the position of fundamentalists , and a statement that the plaudits methodology is based on the four elements are: issue Alestehsan, and the rule of the general rule, the flow, and the of revealing way of it which is Alestehsan document.
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Authors: Mohammad Al-Amawi
Keywords:
Aesthetic, Disfigurement, Compenstation
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
The aesthetic damage or disfigurement of the most important damage in humans, because this damage affects the aesthetics and phenotypic side in the human body. Jurists and scholars also the judicial decisions have disagreed about compensate for this damage, some of whom said that to compensate this damage on the basis of moral damage, others said that it compensated on the basis of that material damage but within other damage is the permanent partial disability damage. Therefore, the researcher explained in this study, the concept of disfigurement, it is physical damage, not moral, and that damage is independent of any other damage, so it has individually compensated. The researcher explained Islamic jurisprudence look at disfigurement and how to be compensated in Islam. He also explained the external considerations that affect the compensation for this damage.
Finally, the researcher reached to several conclusions and recommendations.
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Authors: Adnan Al-Assaf
Keywords:
Sauvetage, Maritime, Financial transactions, Islamic Jurisprudence, Maritime Law.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This paper targets to tackle an important issue which relates to maritime legislation, that is 'Sauvetage Maritime'. This study assesses its concept, specifies its types, and clarifies its rulings. It also inducts the evidence for its legitimacy. It studies also its legal nature both in Islamic Jurisprudence and Jordanian Maritime Law. Furthermore, it sheds light on its fundamental constituents and conditions, in a comparative way. This paper consists of an introduction, four sections and a conclusion.
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Authors: Ibrahim Al-Sarayrah
Keywords:
Alternative, Performance, Debtor, Obligation.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Alternative performance of obligation occurs most often when a debtor owes a sum of money and is unable to meet his obligation so offers an alternate such as ownership of a certain asset, goods or property. Similarly, if he has committed to handing over the ownership of a certain property or asset, he may offer a sum of money or other form of payment instead. Likewise the obligation could be performing an action or refraining from it, in which case he might offer ownership of property for example paying a sum of money as a substitute for not competing with a certain merchant for a specific period of time. The opposite is inconceivable, as it is not possible for the debtor to offer to perform an action as a substitute to an obligation to pay a sum of money, as the action is performed over a period of time making it a novation of the obligation thereby changing the subject of obligation and requiring another agreement rather than being a substitute to the original. On the other hand, the obligation is considered to be fulfilled immediately upon novation when the ownership of the alternate asset is transferred.
This paper attempts to study this subject in light of Jordanian law, beginning by defining alternative obligation and differentiating it from other similar legal concepts that it could be confused with, followed by the possible legal effects upon its implementation.
Finally the study is concluded with a number of results and recommendations.
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Authors: Alaaddin Adawi , Sonya Al-Shami
Keywords:
Hadith of the Prophet, Women, Creativity.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study looks at the role played by the Prophetic Sunnah in overcoming the obstacles and constraints that may face women's creativity. The study starts by giving a general idea about creativity in chapter one, Chapter two shows how women’s status differed tremendously after Islam compared to their status before Islam. Chapter three defines Sunnah and stresses its importance, and states the positive factors which affect creativity and Sunnah’s way of implementing them. Chapter four shows that by applying the Prophetic Sunnah Muslim women in the early Islamic era overcame the negative factors or obstacles to creativity which they had suffered from before Islam. And the last chapter tackles the modern day Muslims’ conditions regarding creativity, and the right way to reawaken and make use of it.
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Authors: Khaled Ali Bani Ahmad , Hamad Azzam
Keywords:
Islamic Politics, Malate, Change, Judgment, Judgment, Political Jurisprudence
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This research aims to show the extent of change of the provisions of Islamic politics in terms of the concept, and rooting, and the limits of change, and controls, with some revenue models his contemporary, through inductive and descriptive analytical method. A highlight reached researchers to work in politics legitimacy does not come haphazardly, but based on the principles and rules of legitimacy and enjoined certain controls, and that its provisions variable depending on the change of interests and objectives legitimate force when taken at the parish to manage their own affairs and protect their religious and worldly interests.
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Authors: Ibrahim Barakat Awwad
Keywords:
Khaleel Abdul Kareem, Modernity Thought.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study presents Kalil Abd al-Kareem’s thoughts of modernity. The study reaches the conclusion that Kareem’s thought can be seen in three branches: doctrinal deviation, this when he claims that the prophet came to rebuild his ancestors state, the second is related to legislative texts, this is seen on his call to liberate individuals from texts and chains of narrators, the third branch is related to intellect, this includes the call to the domination of reason in all life matters, the call to disconnect its present from its past, use of Western philosophical terminology and being bious.
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Authors: Eyad A. Nemer
Keywords:
Profit, Salary, Unleashed Company, Managing Partner
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study addresses the company’s management job assumed by a partner to conduct the business on behalf of the partners for a salary or an increase of dividends; and the agreement of that with the company’s objectives and articles of association and the contractors’ duties.
After analyzing the scholars’ opinions and evidences, the researcher gives preference to the opinion of those who allow the above said choice implementation supported by evidences based on achieving benefits in agreement with Legal Personality Principle.
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Authors: Abdallah A. Alssaife , Suhel A. Hawamdeh
Keywords:
Religious Forensic Audit, Shari'a
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
The problem of this study revolves about the weak role of the forensic audit in achieving its duties as a religious supervisor. This study demonstrates through the main chapters Home raised the role of the forensic audit and its location in the organizational management structure, and the most important problems and solutions to those problems, and progress in the last section presents a group of suggestions for developing the performance of the forensic audit unit such as deciding certain standards for testing the competence of the forensic audit’s personnel. This study concludes that the most important problem facing the forensic audit’s work is confidentiality and the lack of the accounting, supervising, financial, and religious experience and competence of its personnel.
The study recommends the formation of a committee of experts of high capacity and efficiency in the forensic aspect and technical to prepare a reference study and to make a practical guide of forensic audit, Valmugod specialist without audit oversight audit work.
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Authors: Asma A. Bani Younus , Emad A. Al-Shrefeen
Keywords:
Educational Experience, Islamic Education and Experience.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Modern education activated self teaching and provides the learner with educational experiences which motivate his abilities capacities to link between phenomena or outputs and educational outcomes with its causes or introductions.
This research aimed to show the position of educational experience in Islamic education and its fields to activate experience in Islamic education after investigating the most important cognitive issues which are related by learning in experience in modern education.
The study has indicated that Islamic education activated the learning by experience since its original educational resources, the holy quraan has activated learning by direct and indirect experiences, alsunah alnabaweah has also employed direct and indirect experiences to achieve the desirable educational objectives.
This strategy has a great influence to adjust the learner's behavior and to form psychological attitudes and correct cognitions which Islamic massage has invited to.
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Authors: Osama A. Al-Ne'imat , Mohammad M. Al-Ma'aqbla
Keywords:
Administrative Compensation, Civil and Administrative Laws, Jordanian System.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
The problematic of this research is about the noted improvement of the international systems towards the consideration of compensation for the service damage without the necessity of committing an error as a condition in all cases, but rather acting in accordance with justice and equality against general encumbrances.
Since the Administrative Compensation first was not applied in our Jordanian system, then its utmost improvement was that it was identified on the basis of only the tort and committing an administrative error as a condition, so we decided to make this research in order to achieve a dual benefit; first benefit is: simplify the current Jordanian system, in the way that elaborates the system conditions and restrictions in the field of Compensation for the service damage, second benefit is: clarify the original rules of other preceding comparative systems in such field to the extent of the compensation for the service damage as well even if without committing an error, so, this comparison becomes a proper preliminary step in the process of improving our current Jordanian system.
Hereupon, this research is divided into three chapters as follow;
The First Chapter: "The field of Administrative Compensation and its relation with the Civil and Administrative Laws".
Which consists of two parts and four requests, where the research discusses the basic rules of the civil liability in compensation, in terms of the both basic rules or the exceptions, and also the Administrative rules in such compensation, in terms of both the compensation for the service error or the compensation for the service damage.
The Second Chapter: "The Restrictions on the Administrative Compensation"
Which also consists of two parts and four requests, where the research discusses these restrictions, either in terms of legal restrictions; (acts of sovereignty & acts of the legislative and judicial authorities) or the pragmatic restrictions; (Prerogatives of public and administrative discretion powers & the exceptional conditions and how they affect in such area).
The Third Chapter: "The Administrative Liability in the Jordanian System"
Which also consists of two parts and four requests, where the research discusses the compensation for the service error in the Jordanian system and its relation to the personal error, and also the statement of limiting this system not only to the point of the tort in the field of the Administrative Compensation, beside, but also the limitation of this liability with different legal, pragmatic and judicial restrictions.
These chapters are followed by a conclusion and recommendations, through which we elucidated the summary of what we achieved in our research and the recommendations we call for.
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Authors: Nizar A. Saleh
Keywords:
Types of Lamma, qura'n, Zmkshcri
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This paper deals with the types of (Lamma) and their meanings in the Qur'an through the interpretation of the Alkshaf for Zmkshcri, where it spoke about alzmkshri grammatical and rhetorical culture , and interpreted alkashaf book in terms of its importance and the methodology of the author. He also spoke about the three types of (lamma) in the Holy Qur'an (of timely and authoritative and exceptional), indicating the position of Zamakhshari of each type of these species, and some references to the professional and minutes uses in the Qur'an Aye. Also compared between the views of the researcher Zamakhshari about the three types of (lamma) and the views of other commentators and grammarians, noting those views which singled out Zamakhshari. The researcher concluded that the Zamakhshari in his views didn’t speak about his etezaali doctrine , but rather about his proficiency in semantics and Rhetoric, which infused strength and stability. Then It was the Conclusion where the researcher deposited the most important search results.
criminal liability find a legal basis to it in Jordanian and the Emirati laws that is the focus of the study.
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Authors: Ibrahim S. Al-Qatawneh
Keywords:
Criminal Liability, Judicial Expert, Jordanian law
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Judicial expert works in Jordan, and U.A.E., with all of what he has of science, knowledge, art, knowledge, experience, and expertise to provide aid and assistance to the judge about a specific point or more, in order to help him in resolving the conflict presented to him, especially as it is very difficult for the last one to be familiar with the various types of sciences, and arts, and professions and on the other hand it is illegal for the judge to judge and make decisions according to his own personal knowledge.
As such, the expert is different from the judge and the witness and the arbitrator. He is considered punitively responsible for reporting his own experience, he is not immune from criminal prosecution if he received bribes, or committed forgery, or was dishonest, or swore an oath falsely, or disclosed a secret, or filed a false report, and these criminal liability find a legal basis to it in Jordanian and the Emirati laws that is the focus of the study.
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Authors: Ibrahim Barakat Awad
Keywords:
Khalil Abd al-Karim, Fatrat al-Takwin
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study criticizes the scientific material included in the book Fatrat al-Takwin fi Hayat al-Sadiq al-Amin.
We reached the conclusion that the author has divided the sources of the prophetic knowledge into two kinds: External as Waraqa bin Nawfal, Khadijah, and Internal as his illiteracy, self inspiration, intelligence, imagination, ambition, and the dream he had in the cave of Hira'. By doing this the author rejects the divine nature of revelation and this leads to the rejection of the message.
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Authors: Osama A. Alghonmeyeen , Abdulla M. Rababa’a h , Abdulla I. Al-Salama
Keywords:
Pros and Cons, Empowerment, Legitimate Politics
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This research shows the importance of balancing the pros and cons, attitude to enable the rule of a Muslim country, in our time, the country was absent the application of Sharia centuries odd decades, so it’s going forward in bringing benefits and ward off evil, a solution is a great benefit, to pay clash, between what settled the void and corruption and sins in Islamic societies, and between religious rulings; It can not apply the provisions of religion as a whole, once in a short time, the communities suffer Weird fact with Islam, as it can not disable the Sharia, and the adoption of rule other than what Allah Almighty.
Leaveing preventing one bad thing if it will lead to a worse situation and many other bad things and leaving collecting some interests if it will lead to a greater evil, and this should be in all aspects, from international relations, and the economy of external and internal, and the media, the judiciary, and the army, art, and tourism , Sports, and others.
And going forward - this detail - only prescribed when the inability to follow religious texts analyst or forbidden; politics in Islam, taking into account the reality of life, and interact with, and dealt with treatment and realistic rational, by scaling and Altanas care case, money, and these are the elements of the budget in the pros and cons, which provides search her Tasila, with contemporary applications.
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds.
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Authors: Najah M. Al-Azzam
Keywords:
Al-Baihaqi, Methods, Al-Baihaqi Biggest Methods.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This study tackles the methods of Emam Albaihaqi in Education through his book "The biggest methods of Albaihaqi". This study showed that the concept of "shortcoming" according to Emam AL-baihaqi is comprehensive of the apparent and hidden "shortcomings". According to him, revealing the "shortcomings" is made by controlling and justifying and weakening the narrators, Emam Albaihaqi had a prolonged experience in testing AL-Hadith, and this was said by the professionals.
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Authors: Abdullh A. al-zyout
Keywords:
Omar bin abdulaziz, exegesis, legal verses.
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This research includes the statements and sayings of Sayings of Omar Bin Abdul Aziz's in the exegesis of Legal verses.
This model aims to identify Omar Bin Abdul Aziz and pinpointing how far he was interested in giving intention to the Holy book of God and understanding the holy verses and studying his statements scientificaly.
It was found out that Omar Bin Abdul Aziz had statements in interpretations and that extended to include the Heads of the four sects and to a, group of interpreters who were outstanding people of high status and considering then as leaders of interpreters.
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Authors: Eyad Ayed Fatehi Alsamhan , Muntaha Daoud Hijazi
Keywords:
Inheritability, Getaway Divorce, Incurable-Illness
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
This research discusses the inheritability of the divorced women (Almabtota ) when she is divorced by a getaway divorce; a divorce made by incurable-ill-husband preventing the succession of his wife. This argument is analyzed through the implementation of the Islamic jurisprudence of inherited women and its rules on Jordan’s family law some Arabic comparative family laws according to legal texts ending with arbitrated apply of her inheritance.
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Authors: Rola Nael Salameh
Keywords:
Investment Administration Contract, Amman Financial Market
Publication year: 2005
Pages: -
Abstract
Based on the importance of global and local stocks markets, and to the nature of business that commissioned to the management and hiring operations that related to financial stocks; this study deals with many of ambiguous environment of Investment Administration Contract which treated by Jordanian legislated in financial stocks and licensing and accreditation regulations issued there under; starting from clarification of sense of this contract and the component that connects the customer (portfolio holder) with its manager, with indicating a specific form that shall be filled and the necessity of writing to execute it. And whether the result of failing in this condition leads to invalidity this contract or not, or the form is specified in proofing only, and is this contract is power of attorney and mixed by power of attorney and contracting together, also what is the confidentiality of the surrounding environment, ending with general and private reasons that due to operation, with focusing on some comparative-dealing laws which related to the same subject and differences in case of found, propose a suitable strings to dam a legal loophole specially with the full absence of judiciary in Jordan. Compared with an effective judicial activity in France .